Introduction: The elbow is frequently involved in trauma and is one of the most frequently radiographed joint in emergency ward. Posterior fat pad displacement has been describing in a variety of disorder such as hemophilia, rheumatoid arthritis and any condition that concomitant with joint effusion such as trauma. So it may be the manifestation of an Occult fracture as a result of trauma. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assessment the implication of posterior fat-pad sign in occult elbow fracture. Materials and Methods: This research is a prospective and descriptive study that carried out on 328 patients with the age under 18 years old and a history of traumatic elbow injury. All of patients with the radiographically positive posterior fat pad sign, without any intraarticular fracture were introduced in study. After 3 weeks the injury, anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs were made and evaluated for evidence of fracture healing (Periostial reaction). If there was evidence of new bone formation on any of this three radiographs, it was considered to indicate a fracture of elbow. Result: From 328 patients, 73% (242) were boys and 26% (86) were girls. 29(96)% of patients were posterior fat pad positive sign that 85% (82) of above patient after 3 weeks become positive they had evidence of a fracture and in 18% (14) of patient hadn’t any evidence of fracture. 82% (65) of patients had supracondylar fracture, 41% (5) a fracture of lateral condyl humerus, 1.64% (2) a fracture of medial condyl humerus.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the prevalence of posterior fat-pad sign with the evidence of fracture in elbow is very high and need to evaluate the patients with occult fracture correctly is very important.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary L-arginine on performance, meat production and its chemical composition, carcass fat deposition, intestine morphology and blood parameters of Ross broiler chickens during 46 days. In this experiment, 192 day old commercial female Ross broiler chicks were used with 4 dietary treatments and 4 replications in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments included 100, 153, 168 and 183 percentages of digestible arginine, based on the Ross catalogue recommendation. On 46th day of experiment, three chickens per replication were selected randomly, blood samples were collected from each, and thereafter they were slaughtered in order to measure carcass traits, intestine morphology and meat chemical composition. The results showed that dietary arginine treatments caused a significant increase on body weight, carcass efficiency, muscle yield, protein and fat content of muscle, heart weight, and growth of small intestine, while decreased abdominal fat weight. Arginine supplementation increased plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, but reduced plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea. According to the results of this study, consumption level of 168% digestible arginine, based on the Ross catalogue recommendation, had the best results on growth improvement and carcass traits, while consumption level of 183% digestible arginine had the greatest fat carcass reduction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of starch sources replacement by fat supplements on growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolite parameters of Holstein young bulls. 28 Holstein young bulls (274± 31 Kg BW) were fed with four diets containing 1) diet with high level of saturated fat supplement 2) diet with low level of saturated fat supplement 3) diet with high level of unsaturated fat supplement and 4) low level of unsaturated fat supplement for in completely randomized design duration about 100 days. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Body weight changes and dry mater intake, were measured montly and daily repectively. Daily body weight gain, final weight, DMI and feed conversation rate were not different between treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids concentration not affected by treatments. Blood metabolite parameter were measured and there was no significant effect observed between treatments except for total cholesterol which in diets with high level of crude fat (6. 9%) was grater (p<0. 05) than diets with low level of crude fat (3. 8%). Finally, based on the results, it can be concluded that fatty acids supplements can be used as an energy source in feedlot farms in shortage of grain.

Background: obesity is independently associated with increased oxidative stress in men and women. Natural antioxidants showed substantial antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo. In this study, we examined the preventive effect of antioxidants supplement and/or restricted diet on the development of obesity induced by feeding a high-fat (HF) diet.Methods: Forty-eight male wistar rats were randomly assigned to HF purified diet (61% kcal from fat) ad libitum, HF restricted (30%), HF supplemented with astaxanthin, vitamin E and C (HFS), HFS restricted (30%) for 12 weeks. Daily food intake and weekly body weight gain measured.Results: Dietary antioxidants suppressed body weight gain in the HF-diet ad libitum (-9.8%), and in HF restricted diet (-18.14%). Energy intake was not significant in HF with HFS (58.8 and 58.6 kcal/rat/d, respectively) and in HF restricted with HFS restricted (41.7 and 41.6 kcal/rat/d, respectively).Conclusion: These results suggest that antioxidants supplement might be of value in reducing likelihood of obesity in rats of fed high-fat diets, especially if accompanying with restricted diets.

In order to determine the effects of sodium acetate and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on dry matter consumed, feed digestibility, milk yield and milk fat profile, 33 Holstein cows several calving times during days 5-31 after calving in a completely randomized design with Three treatments and 11 replications were used. The experimental diets included 1- basic diet (control), 2- diet containing 300 gr of sodium acetate , 3- diet containing 100 gr of CLA. Daily dry matter intake and milk production, body weight and body condition score were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. milk samples were taken at regular intervals to determine the amount of milk compounds. Also, on the last day, a sample was taken to determine the profile of fatty acids. Dry matter intake was not significant among dietary treatment (P>0.05). Milk production was increased by supplementing diets with sodium acetate (3.16 kg/d) and CLA (2.46 kg/d) compared to control treatment. CLA supplementing decreased milk fat content significantly and sodium acetate increased it. The yield and content of milk protein and lactose were not significantly different between the treatments. With the consumption of sodium acetate, the amount of milk fat and milk production increased, as probably the hypothesis that sodium acetate is lipogenic for adipose tissue was ignored and Acetate partition nutriunt toward milk fat production. CLA consumtion, negative energy balance did not change between as spared energy partition toward more milk yield. The use of CLA could be beneficial for the health of consumers by increasing the trans-10-cis-12 CLA isomer transfer to milk and reducing thrombogenic and atherogenic indicators.

An experiment was performed to investigate the effects of using saturated and unsaturated fatty acids calcium salts on the production performance and some physiological traits of finishing lambs fattened under heat stress condition. Thirty-two cross bred Lori-BakhtiariÍRomanov lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups. Lambs were fed individually with the following experimental diets for 6 weeks (early July to mid-August): 1) Basal diet without supplemental fat (control), 2) Basal diet supplemented with 2% (on DM basis) of fish oil calcium salt, 3) Basal diet supplemented with 2% (on DM basis) of olive oil calcium salt and 4) Basal diet supplemented with 2% (on DM basis) of saturated fat calcium salt. Daily feed intake was recorded and lambs body weight was measured weekly. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured once per week. Using calcium salts of fish oil, olive oil and saturated fats in the diet significantly increased daily weight gain and reduced the lambs feed conversion ratio compared to control group (P≤ 0.05), but had no effect on dry matter intake of the Lambs. Regardless of fatty acid origin, supplementing lambs with calcium salts of fatty acids, reduced rectal temperature and respiration rate of lambs exposed to heat stress, compared to control group (P≤ 0.01). Also, using calcium salts of Fish oil, olive oil and saturated fat had no effect on DM, CP and EE digestibility, however, EE digestibility was higher in lambs consumed fat-supplemented diets than the control group. NDF digestibility was significantly higher in the control group lambs than the other groups. The results of this study showed that diet supplementation with calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids of fish and olives and saturated fatty acids, improved the production performance of finishing lambs exposed to heat stress. No difference was detected between fat supplements with different fatty acid patterns, in this investigation.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various supplemental fats applied in the flushing diet on reproductive performance, blood metabolites and hormones of Ghezel breed ewes.36 Ghezel sheep were assigned in three treatments for 42 days in completely randomized design. Experimental groups were as follow: control (without supplemental fat in diet), sunflower oil (5% of ration dry matter) and calcium salts of palm oil (5% of ration dry matter). Experimental rations had the same Metabolisable Energy (3.6 Mcal/kg) and Crude Protein (9.2%) contents. CIDR was used for estrus synchronization. Insemination was done 48 hours after CIDR removal. Supplementation of fat resulted in higher levels of blood total serum cholesterol (P<0.01). Groups with Sunflower oil in flushing diet had higher blood glucose levels than others (P<0.01). Blood sera concentrations of insulin and estrogen were higher in sunflower oil supplemented group than others (P<0.05). Fat supplementation of flushing diets resulted in lambs with greater birth weight (P<0.05). The number of offspring and twining birth was higher in the sunflower oil treatment (P<0.01). Results indicated that, using sunflower oil in flushing diet increased metabolites and hormones related to reproduction and subsequently improved offspring number and twining.

BACKGROUND: Flushing program can improve performance in sheep industry.OBGECTIVES: The aim of this study was evaluation the effects of using supplemental fat in Lori-Bakhtiari ewes flushing diet on their lambs' weaned weight.METHODS: Three hundred healthy and non-pregnant Lori-Bakhtiari ewes were selected and randomly allotted to three nutritional groups (n=100) as: basal diet (control or C treatment), basal diet with 250 grams barley grain(B treatment) and basal diet with 144.5 grams barley grain + 50 grams supplemental fat(BF treatment). Ewes received dietary supplement from day 14 before up to day 21 after ram introduction. Ewes' weight and body condition score before mating, ewes' weight at lambing, the number, sex, weight and type of lambs born, lambing date of ewes, lambs weaning weight and number of lambs weaned were recorded.RESULTS: Mean of ewes' weight at lambing in the BF group was higher than other groups (P<0.05).However, average lambs birth weight was numerically higher in BF group but, its difference with other groups was not statistically significant. Total birth weight of lambs per ewe exposed to mating was differ (P<0.05) and was highest in the group BF and lowest in control group. Similarly, total weaned lambs weight was highest in the group BF and lowest in the control group (P<0.01), however, the differences between groups BF and B, and B and control were not statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS: The use of supplemental fat with barley grain in Lori-Bakhtiari ewes flushing diet can be improved weight of weaned lambs.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training and L-carnitine supplement on body fat percent and serum lipid profiles in active men. The method used was semi-experimental. Eighteen active men were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into two groups of experimental (nine individuals with the average age: 44.4±8 years, weight: 8.2±16.6 kg, height: 173±6 cm, BMI: 26.9±4.8 kg/m2) and control (nine individuals with the average age: 48.8±8 years, weight: 82.8±9.5 kg, height: 169±0.05 cm, BMI: 29±3.8 kg/m2). Both groups performed aerobic training based on the principle of overload for 6 weeks. During this period, the experimental group consumed 10 mg/kg/day L-carnitine orally (average less than 1 gram/day) and control group ingested 2.5 mg/kg/day B1 vitamin as placebo. Before and after aerobic training, blood samples were gathered. In addition, aerobic power and body composition were measured. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov Smirnov, paired, independent t test and ANCOVA. The results showed that aerobic training and L-Carnitine supplement significantly reduced body fat percent (P<0.05), but they had no significant effect on serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C. We concluded that if middle age men would like to reduce their body fat percent, they can use L-carnitine supplement with low dosage along with aerobic training. However, determining positive effects of aerobic training and Lcarnitine supplement on serum lipid profiles needs further investigation.

Background and objectives: The last month of pregnancy is one of the critical stages for cattle. Providing the nutrients and energy requirements at this time is vital, as insufficient energy supply at this time increases the risk of metabolic diseases in livestock, which can be greatly prevented by increasing the energy density of the diet using oilseeds. Therefore, this experiment was performed to investigate the nutritional effects of cannula and soybean as a fat supplement on the performance of Ghezel ewes during the transition period. Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design using 16 Ghezel ewes with an average age of three years and an average weight of ± 59. 8 kg in a 74-day period (14 days of adapting and 60 days of the experiment). Treatments included: 1. Control (diet without fat supplementation) 2. Base diet containing 5% milled cannula as a source of fat supplementation, 3. Base diet containing 5% of milled soybean as a fat supplementation, and 4. Base diet containing 5% mixture of cannula and soybean at 50: 50. The rations were given to the cattle in a completely mixed manner at 6: 00 and 18: 00. The weight gain of lambs in the postpartum period was measured daily using a digital scale. In order to determine the milk produced and the composition of ewes' milk, milk samples were collected on two consecutive days and analyzed using a Milcoscanner. The rumen fluid sample was taken to evaluate the parameters of ruminal fermentation on the twentieth day after delivery using the esophageal catheter. Intravenous blood samples were taken from the venous vein on the twentieth day after delivery to measure blood counts. Results: The results showed that the birth weight of lambs, the amount of feed intake, and daily changes in the weight of ewes before and after calving were not affected by experimental treatments (P<0. 05). Weight gain of lambs did not show a significant difference between treatments. Milk production was significantly higher in the diet containing cannula (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in the amount of milk compounds (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in blood triglyceride, cholesterol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels between different experimental treatments. The amount of glucose and total blood protein in the postpartum period showed a significant difference between treatments (P<0. 05). However, the amount of blood urea nitrogen in the postpartum period was higher in soybean treatment than in other treatments (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in pH and the amount of major volatile fatty acids in the rumen including acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and iso-valeric acid (P<0. 05). The digestibility of crude protein in cannula treatment showed a significant increase compared to the control treatment (P <0. 05). The digestibility of insoluble fibers in neutral detergent showed a significant decrease in soybean treatment compared to the control (P<0. 05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the use of oilseed cannula as a fat source at the level of 5% can improve milk production without changing the composition of milk and feed intake. However, more studies are needed in this area.